Class: Azoles
VA Class: DE102
Chemical Name: 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenylmethyl]-1H-imidazole
CAS Number: 23593-75-1
Brands: Fungoid Solution, Gyne-Lotrimin, Lotrimin, Lotrisone, Mycelex
Introduction
Antifungal; azole (imidazole derivative).
Uses for Clotrimazole
Dermatophytoses
Treatment of tinea corporis (body ringworm), tinea cruris (jock itch), and tinea pedis (athlete’s foot) caused by Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, or T. rubrum.100 126 129 Can be used for self-medication of these conditions.100
Treatment (in fixed combination with betamethasone dipropionate) of symptomatic inflammatory tinea pedis, tinea cruris, and tinea corporis caused by E. floccosum, T. mentagrophytes, or T. rubrum.130 156
Topical antifungals usually effective for treatment of uncomplicated tinea corporis or tinea cruris.143 144 147 148 149 An oral antifungal may be necessary when tinea corporis or tinea cruris is extensive, dermatophyte folliculitis is present, infection is chronic or does not respond to topical therapy, or patient is immunocompromised because of coexisting disease or concomitant therapy.143 144 147 148 149
Topical antifungals usually effective for treatment of uncomplicated tinea pedis.143 144 148 An oral antifungal may be necessary for treatment of hyperkeratotic areas on the palms and soles, for chronic moccasin-type (dry-type) tinea pedis, and for tinea unguium (fingernail or toenail dermatophyte infections, onychomycosis).143 144 148
Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Treatment of pityriasis (tinea) versicolor caused by Malassezia furfur (Pityrosporum orbiculare or P. ovale).100 126 129
Topical antifungals generally effective;145 146 148 an oral antifungal (with or without a topical antifungal) may be necessary in patients who have extensive or severe infections or have failed to respond to or have frequent relapses with topical therapy.145 146 148
Cutaneous Candidiasis
Treatment of cutaneous candidiasis.126 129
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis confirmed by potassium hydroxide microscopic mounts and/or culture.121 125 128 c
A drug of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients;121 123 128 c ineffective for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients.120 121 c
Prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (e.g., corticosteroids, antineoplastic agents, radiation therapy) for leukemia, solid tumor, or renal transplantation.125 Efficacy and safety in patients with immunosuppression resulting from primary immunodeficiency or other causes not established.125
Not recommended for prophylaxis against oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients.122 c
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (mild to moderate, sporadic or infrequent, most likely caused by Candida albicans, occurring in immunocompetent women).105 106 117 118 129 131 132 135 136 b c d e
Self-medication (OTC use) for treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis in otherwise healthy, nonpregnant women who have been previously diagnosed by a clinician and are having a recurrence of similar symptoms.101 106 108
Treatment of complicated vulvovaginal candidiasis, including infections that are recurrent (≥4 times episodes in 1 year), severe (extensive vulvar erythema, edema, excoriation, fissure formation), caused by Candida other than C. albicans, or occurring in women with underlying medical conditions (uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, HIV infection, immunosuppressive therapy, pregnancy).106 118 131 132 134 135 136 142 b c d Complicated infections generally require more prolonged treatment than uncomplicated infections.106 c d
Optimal regimens for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis caused by Candida other than C. albicans (e.g., C. glabrata, C. krusei) not identified.106 b CDC and others state these infections may respond to an intravaginal azole antifungal given for 7–14 days or to a 14-day regimen of intravaginal boric acid (not commercially available in the US).106 b d e
Treatment of male sexual partners of women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis who have symptomatic balanitis or penile dermatitis.106 Routine treatment of asymptomatic male sexual partners is not recommended but may be considered in women with recurrent infections.106 133 142
Clotrimazole Dosage and Administration
Administration
Administer topically as oral lozenge;125 to skin as cream, lotion, or solution;100 or intravaginally as cream or tablet.101 106 108
Topical cream, lotion, and solution not intended for ophthalmic use.100
Topical preparations containing clotrimazole in fixed combination with betamethasone dipropionate not intended for ophthalmic, oral, or intravaginal use.156
Oral Topical Administration
Dissolve oral lozenges slowly in mouth over approximately 15–30 minutes.125
Topical Administration
Apply cream, lotion, or solution sparingly in the morning and evening; rub gently into cleansed, affected area and surrounding skin.100
Intravaginal Topical Administration
Administer preferably at bedtime.106
Dosage
Pediatric Patients
Dermatophytoses
Topical
Apply 1% cream, lotion, or solution twice daily.100
If clinical improvement does not occur after 4 weeks of treatment, reevaluate the diagnosis.100 Some infections (especially tinea pedis) may require up to 8 weeks of therapy for mycological cure.a
Self-medication of Tinea Corporis, Tinea Cruris, or Tinea Pedis
Topical
Children ≥2 years of age: Apply topical cream or solution twice daily for 2 weeks (tinea cruris) or 4 weeks (tinea pedis or tinea corporis).157
Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Topical
Apply 1% cream, lotion, or solution twice daily.100
If clinical improvement does not occur after 4 weeks of treatment, reevaluate the diagnosis.100
Cutaneous Candidiasis
Topical
Apply 1% cream, lotion, or solution twice daily.100
If clinical improvement does not occur after 4 weeks of treatment, reevaluate the diagnosis.100 Some infections (especially tinea pedis) may require up to 8 weeks of therapy for mycological cure.a
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Treatment
Oral Topical
Children ≥3 years of age: 10 mg (as lozenge) 5 times daily for 14 consecutive days.125
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
If response is inadequate following a course of therapy, reevaluate the diagnosis before instituting another course.100 101 116
Intravaginal
Two 100-mg tablets or 1 applicatorful of 2% cream once daily for 3 consecutive days or one 100-mg tablet once daily for 7 consecutive days.101 106
Alternatively, 1 applicatorful of 1% cream once daily for 7–14 consecutive days.106
Self-medication of Uncomplicated Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Intravaginal
Children ≥12 years of age: One applicatorful of 1% cream once daily for 7 consecutive days; alternatively, 1 applicatorful of 2% cream once daily for 3 consecutive days.101 a
Topical
For adjunctive relief of external vulvar itching: Apply 1% topical vulvar cream 1 or 2 times daily for up to 7 days as needed.158
Adults
Dermatophytoses
Topical
Apply 1% cream, lotion, or solution twice daily.100 If clinical improvement does not occur after 4 weeks of treatment, reevaluate the diagnosis.100 Some infections (especially tinea pedis) may require up to 8 weeks of therapy for mycological cure.a
If combination (clotrimazole 1% and betamethasone 0.05%) cream is used, apply twice daily for 2 weeks (tinea cruris or tinea corporis) or 4 weeks (tinea pedis); if infection persists beyond this period, discontinue combination preparation and initiate clotrimazole alone.a 156
Self-medication of Tinea Corporis, Tinea Cruris, or Tinea Pedis
Topical
Apply topical cream or solution twice daily for 2 weeks (tinea cruris) or 4 weeks (tinea pedis or tinea corporis).157
Pityriasis (Tinea) Versicolor
Topical
Apply 1% cream, lotion, or solution twice daily.100
If clinical improvement does not occur after 4 weeks of treatment, reevaluate the diagnosis.100
Cutaneous Candidiasis
Topical
Apply 1% cream, lotion, or solution twice daily.100
If clinical improvement does not occur after 4 weeks of treatment, reevaluate the diagnosis.100 Some infections (especially tinea pedis) may require up to 8 weeks of therapy for mycological cure.a
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Treatment
Oral Topical
10 mg (as lozenge) 5 times daily for 14 consecutive days.125 c
Prophylaxis in Immunocompromised Patients
Oral Topical
10 mg (as lozenge) 3 times daily for the duration of chemotherapy or until corticosteroid therapy is reduced to maintenance levels.125
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
If response is inadequate following a course of therapy, reevaluate the diagnosis before instituting another course.100 101 116
Intravaginal
Two 100-mg tablets or 1 applicatorful of 2% cream once daily for 3 consecutive days or one 100-mg tablet once daily for 7 consecutive days.101 106
Alternatively, 1 applicatorful of 1% cream once daily for 7–14 consecutive days.106
Self-medication of Uncomplicated Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Intravaginal
One applicatorful of 1% cream once daily for 7 consecutive days; alternatively, 1 applicatorful of 2% cream once daily for 3 consecutive days.101 a
Topical
For adjunctive relief of external vulvar itching: Apply 1% topical vulvar cream 1 or 2 times daily for up to 7 days as needed.158
Recurrent Vulvovaginal Infections Caused by Candida albicans
Intravaginal
CDC and others recommend an initial intensive regimen (7–14 days of an intravaginal azole or 3-dose regimen of oral fluconazole) to achieve mycologic remission, followed by a 6-month maintenance regimen of once-weekly oral fluconazole.106 b d If the oral maintenance regimen cannot be used, use intravaginal clotrimazole (200 mg twice weekly or 500 mg once weekly) or other intravaginal treatments intermittently.106
Other Complicated Vulvovaginal Infections
Intravaginal
CDC and others recommend 7–14 days of an intravaginal azole for vulvovaginal candidiasis that is severe, caused by Candida other than C. albicans, or occurring in women with underlying medical conditions.106 d
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in HIV-infected Women
Intravaginal
CDC and other clinicians recommend same treatment as in women without HIV infection.106 136 142 Some experts recommend a duration of 3–7 days.c Maintenance regimen of an intravaginal azole can be considered for those with recurrent episodes;c routine primary or secondary prophylaxis (long-term suppressive or chronic maintenance therapy) not recommended.106 c
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnant Women
Intravaginal
CDC and others recommend a 7-day regimen of an intravaginal azole antifungal (e.g., clotrimazole).106 d
Prescribing Limits
Pediatric Patients
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Oral Topical
Limit therapy to short-term use if possible; limited safety and efficacy data on prolonged therapy.125
Adults
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Oral Topical
Limit therapy to short-term use if possible; limited safety and efficacy data on prolonged therapy.125
Cautions for Clotrimazole
Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to clotrimazole or other imidazoles or any ingredient in the formulation.100 125 156
Warnings/Precautions
Warnings
Systemic Fungal Infections
Do not use lozenges for treatment of systemic fungal infection, including candidiasis.125 156
Diaper Dermatitis
Preparations containing clotrimazole in fixed combination with betamethasone dipropionate not recommended for treatment of diaper dermatitis.156
Sensitivity Reactions
If irritation or sensitization occurs, discontinue the drug.100 156
General Precautions
Hepatic Effects
Possible abnormal liver function test results (e.g., increased serum AST) in patients receiving clotrimazole lozenges.125 Periodic liver function tests recommended during therapy with lozenges, especially in patients with preexisting hepatic impairment.125
Self-medication of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Self-medication not recommended if abdominal pain, fever, or malodorous vaginal discharge occurs or if vaginal pruritus or discomfort is occurring for the first time.101 158
Use of Fixed Combination
When used in fixed combination with other agents, consider the cautions, precautions, and contraindications associated with the concomitant agents.
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
Category B (topical and intravaginal preparations).100 159
Category C (oral lozenges; topical preparations containing betamethasone dipropionate).125 156
CDC and others state that a 7-day regimen of an intravaginal azole antifungal can be used, if necessary, for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnant women.106 d
Lactation
Not known whether clotrimazole is distributed into milk; use with caution in nursing women.100 129
Pediatric Use
Safety and efficacy of clotrimazole lozenges not established in children <3 years of age; use not recommended in children <3 years of age.125 Safety and efficacy of prophylactic therapy with lozenges not established in children.125
Topical cream or solution not recommended for self-medication in children <2 years of age.157
Vaginal cream not recommended for self-medication in children <12 years of age.a 101
Preparations containing clotrimazole in fixed combination with betamethasone dipropionate not recommended for use in children <17 years of age or for diaper dermatitis.156
Hepatic Impairment
Periodic liver function tests recommended during therapy with lozenges, especially in patients with hepatic impairment.125 Potential for abnormal liver function test results (e.g., increased serum AST).125
Common Adverse Effects
Topical oral therapy: abnormal liver function test results, nausea, vomiting, unpleasant mouth sensations, pruritus.125
Topical application to skin: blistering, erythema, edema, pruritus, burning, stinging, peeling, urticaria, general irritation of skin.100
Intravaginal therapy: vaginal burning, erythema, irritation, intercurrent cystitis.111 a
Clotrimazole Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Extent of absorption following dissolution of 10-mg lozenge in mouth not determined.a Following dissolution, concentrations sufficient to inhibit most species of Candida are present in saliva for up to 3 hours.a Long-term effective concentration in saliva apparently related to slow release of drug from oral mucosa.a
Minimal systemic absorption following topical application to skin.a Highest concentrations present in the stratum corneum; lower concentrations in the stratum spinosum and the papillary and reticular dermis.a
About 3–10% of an intravaginal dose reaches systemic circulation, principally as metabolites.103 104 Considerable interindividual variation in concentrations of drug in vaginal fluid following administration as vaginal tablets.102 103 104
Stability
Storage
Oral
Oropharyngeal Topical Lozenge
≤30°C; avoid freezing.125
Topical
Cream, Lotion, and Solution
2–30°C.100
Intravaginal
Cream
15–30°C; avoid temperatures >30°C.101
Tablets
2–30°C.158
Actions and SpectrumActions
Imidazole-derivative azole antifungal.a
Fungistatic or fungicidal against many fungi, including yeasts and dermatophytes; active against some gram-positive bacteria.100 a
Binds phospholipids in fungal cell membrane and alters cell membrane permeability.a Cell membrane no longer functions as a selective barrier, and potassium and other cellular constituents are lost.100 a
Active in vitro and in clinical infections caused by most strains of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, E. floccosum, and M. canis.100 Less active against M. furfur (P. orbiculare), Aspergillus fumigatus, C. albicans.a Also active in vitro against Sporothrix, Cryptococcus, Cephalosporium, and Fusarium.a
Cross resistance can occur among the azole antifungals (e.g., clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole).160 Azole-resistant Candida have been reported.156
Advice to Patients
Importance of completing full course of therapy.100
Importance of discontinuing therapy (including self-medication) and consulting clinician if adequate response is not achieved after recommended treatment period.100 157 Discontinue self-medication for vulvovaginal candidiasis and consult clinician if fever, abdominal pain, or foul-smelling discharge develops; if symptoms do not improve within 3 days; if condition persists beyond 7 days; or if symptoms recur within 2 months.a 101
Importance of consulting clinician if treated area becomes irritated (redness, itching, burning, blistering, swelling, oozing).100
Importance of avoiding sources of infection.100
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.100
Importance of informing clinicians of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs as well as any concomitant illnesses.a
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk | Powder* | |||
Oral, Topical Use Only | Lozenges | 10 mg* | Clotrimazole Lozenge (with povidone) | Paddock, Roxane |
Mycelex Troche (with povidone) | Alza | |||
Topical | Cream | 1%* | Lotrimin (with benzyl alcohol 1%) | Schering |
Lotrimin AF (with benzyl alcohol 1%) | Schering-Plough | |||
Lotrim AF Jock Itch Cream (with benzyl alcohol 1%) | Schering-Plough | |||
Lotion | 1% | Lotrimin AF (with benzyl alcohol 1%) | Schering-Plough | |
Solution | 1%* | Fungoid Solution | Pedinol | |
Lotrimin | Schering | |||
Lotrimin AF | Schering-Plough | |||
Vaginal | Cream | 1%* | Gyne-Lotrimin (with benzyl alcohol) | Schering-Plough |
Mycelex-7 (with benzyl alcohol; with or without disposable applicators) | Bayer | |||
2% | GyneLotrimin 3 (with benzyl alcohol) | Schering-Plough | ||
Kit | 7 g Cream, topical, Clotrimazole 1% (Gyne-Lotrimin (with benzyl alcohol) 3 Tablets, vaginal, Clotrimazole 200 mg (Gyne-Lotrimin (with povidone) | Gyne-Lotrimin 3 Combination Pack | Schering-Plough | |
Tablets | 100 mg* | |||
200 mg | Gyne-Lotrimin-3 (with povidone) | Schering-Plough |
* available from one or more manufacturer, distributor, and/or repackager by generic (nonproprietary) name
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Topical | Cream | 1% with Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% (of betamethasone)* | Clotrimazole with Betamethasone Dipropionate Cream (with benzyl alcohol and prophylene glycol) | Altana, Taro |
Lotion | 1% with Betamethasone Dipropionate 0.05% (of betamethasone)* | Lotrisone (with benzyl alcohol and prophylene glycol) | Schering |
Comparative Pricing
This pricing information is subject to change at the sole discretion of DS Pharmacy. This pricing information was updated 03/2011. Actual costs to patients will vary depending on the use of specific retail or mail-order locations and health insurance copays.
Clotrimazole 1% Cream (PERRIGO): 28/$34.99 or 84/$79.97
Clotrimazole 1% Cream (TARO): 15/$17.99 or 45/$32.97
Clotrimazole 1% Cream (TARO): 30/$35.99 or 90/$89.97
Clotrimazole 1% Cream (TARO): 45/$39.99 or 135/$105.97
Clotrimazole 1% Solution (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 30/$24.99 or 90/$53.97
Clotrimazole 1% Solution (TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA): 10/$17.99 or 30/$33.97
Clotrimazole 10MG Troches (ROXANE): 70/$89.99 or 210/$269.96
Clotrimazole-Betamethasone 1-0.05% Cream (ACTAVIS MID ATLANTIC): 15/$14.99 or 60/$39.97
Clotrimazole-Betamethasone 1-0.05% Cream (FOUGERA): 45/$35.99 or 135/$89.97
Clotrimazole-Betamethasone 1-0.05% Lotion (FOUGERA): 30/$39.99 or 90/$119.95
Lotrisone 1-0.05% Lotion (SCHERING): 30/$86.72 or 90/$238.47
Mycelex 10MG Troches (MCNEIL): 70/$122.99 or 210/$356.98
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions July 2007. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
Only references cited for selected revisions after 1984 are available electronically.
100. Schering Corporation. Lotrimin (clotrimazole) cream 1%, lotion 1%, topical solution 1% prescribing information (dated 1999 Jan). In: Physicians’ desk reference. 56th edition. Montvale, NJ; Medical Economics Company Inc; 2002:3128-9.
101. Schering-Plough. Gyne-lotrimin 3 (clotrimazole) vaginal cream (2%) 3-day treatment prescribing information. In: Physicians’ desk reference for nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements. 23rd ed. Montvale, NJ; Medical Economics Company Inc; 2002:765.
102. Mendling W, Plempel M. Vaginal secretion levels after 6 days, 3 days and 1 day of treatment with 100, 200 and 500 mg vaginal tablets of clotrimazole and their therapeutic efficacy. Chemotherapy. 1982; 28(Suppl 1):43-7. [IDIS 168384] [PubMed 7160240]
103. Ritter W, Patzschke K, Krause U et al. Pharmacokinetic fundamentals of vaginal treatment with clotrimazole. Chemotherapy. 1982; 28(Suppl 1):37-42. [IDIS 168383] [PubMed 7160239]
104. Ritter W. Pharmacokinetic fundamentals of vaginal treatment with clotrimazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152:945-7. [IDIS 203426] [PubMed 4025444]
105. Anon. Drugs for vulvovaginal candidiasis. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2001; 43:3-4. [PubMed 11151090]
106. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006; 55(No. RR-11):1-96.
107. Loendersloot EW, Goormans E, Wiesenhaan PE et al. Efficacy and tolerability of single-dose versus six-day treatment of candidal vulvovaginitis with vaginal tablets of clotrimazole. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152:953-5. [IDIS 203427] [PubMed 3895960]
108. Fleury F, Hughes D, Floyd R. Therapeutic results obtained in vaginal mycoses after single-dose treatment with 500 mg clotrimazole vaginal tablets. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152:968-70. [IDIS 203431] [PubMed 3895963]
109. Lebherz T, Guess E, Wolfson N. Efficacy of single- versus multiple-dose clotrimazole therapy in the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 152:965-8. [IDIS 203430] [PubMed 3895962]
110. Goormans E, Bergstein NAM, Loendersloot EW et al. One-dose therapy of Candida vaginitis. I: results of an open multicentre trial. Chemotherapy. 1982; 28(Suppl 1):106-9. [IDIS 168392] [PubMed 6761083]
111. Krause U. Results of single-dose treatment of vaginal mycoses with 500 mg Canesten vaginal tablets. Chemotherapy. 1982; 28:99-105. [IDIS 168391] [PubMed 7160245]
113. Miles Pharmaceuticals. One day treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis with 500 mg clotrimazole vaginal tablet compared with 3 day regimen two 100 mg vaginal tablets daily. Summary report of studies at six centers. Miles Medical Research Report D82-101. West Haven, CT; 1983 Dec 21. (unpublished data)
115. Cuttner J, Troy KM, Funaro L et al. Clotrimazole treatment for prevention of oral candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia undergoing chemotherapy: results of a double-blind study. Am J Med. 1986; 81:771-4. [IDIS 224406] [PubMed 3535491]
116. Anon. Drugs for treatment of fungal infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1992; 34:14-6. [PubMed 1310518]
117. Anon. Drugs for sexually transmitted infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1999; 41:85-90. [PubMed 10906932]
118. Doering PL, Santiago TM. Drugs for treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis: comparative efficacy of agents and regimens. DICP. 1990; 24:1078-83. [IDIS 274670] [PubMed 2275233]
119. Sobel JD. Pathogenesis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 14(Suppl 1):S148-53.
120. Anon. Drugs for AIDS and associated infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1995; 37:87-94. [PubMed 7565297]
121. American Thoracic Society. Fungal infection in HIV-infected persons. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 152:816-22. [IDIS 352046] [PubMed 7633749]
122. US Public Health Service (USPHS) and Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group. 2001 USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons with human immunodeficiency virus. From HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Services (ATIS) website ().
123. Powderly WG, Mayer KH, Perfect JR. Diagnosis and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients infected with HIV: a critical reassessment. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999; 15:1405-12. [PubMed 10555102]
124. Reef SE, Levine WC, McNeil MM et al. Treatment options for vulvovaginal candidiasis, 1993. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 20(Suppl 1):S80-90. [IDIS 345863] [PubMed 7795112]
125. Alza. Mycelex (clotrimazole) troche for topical oral administration prescribing information (dated 1998 Jun). In: Physician’s desk reference. 54th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2000:514-5.
126. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2000 Red book: report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 25th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2000:569-76.
127. Reef SE, Mayer KH. Opportunistic candidal infections in patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus: prevention and priorities. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21(Suppl 1):S99-102. [IDIS 352670] [PubMed 8547520]
128. Smith GH. Treatment of infections in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154:949-73. [IDIS 329350] [PubMed 8179453]
129. Hay RJ. Yeast infections. Dermatol Clin. 1996; 14:113-24. [PubMed 8821164]
130. Marren P, Powell S. Contact sensitivity to tioconazole and other imidazoles. Contact Dermatitis. 1992; 27:129-30. [PubMed 1395626]
131. Sobel JD. Vaginitis. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337:1896-903. [IDIS 401347] [PubMed 9407158]
132. Sobel JD, Faro S, Force RW et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998; 178:203-11. [IDIS 402301] [PubMed 9500475]
133. Bisschop MPJM, Merkus JMWM, Scheygrond H et al. Co-treatment of the male partner in vaginal candidosis: a double-blind randomized control study. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1986; 93:79-81.
134. Bohannon NJV. Treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21:451-6. [IDIS 402373] [PubMed 9540031]
135. Tobin MJ. Vulvovaginal candidiasis: topical vs. oral therapy. Am Fam Physician. 1995; 51:1715-24. [IDIS 348350] [PubMed 7754931]
136. Sobel JD. Controversial aspects in the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994; 31:S10-3. [IDIS 335764] [PubMed 8077494]
137. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E, Gulminetti R et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for fungal vaginitis caused by non-albicans species. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 176:138-41. [PubMed 9024104]
138. Chaim W. Fungal vaginitis caused by nonalbicans species. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 177:485. [IDIS 393344] [PubMed 9290485]
139. Spinillo A, Capuzzo E. Fungal vaginitis caused by nonalbicans species. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 177:485-6. [IDIS 393344] [PubMed 9290485]
140. Redondo-Lopez V, Lynch M, Schmitt C et al. Torulopsis glabrata vaginitis: clinical aspects and susceptibility to antifungal agents. Obstet Gynecol. 1990; 76:651-5. [IDIS 273142] [PubMed 2216197]
141. Stubb S, Heikkila H, Reitamo S et al. Contact allergy to tioconazole. Contact Dermatitis. 1992; 26:155-8. [PubMed 1387056]
142. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations) on Tioconazole 84:04.08.
143. Gupta AK, Einarson TR, Summerbell RC et al. An overview of topical antifungal therapy in dermatomycoses: a North American perspective. Drugs. 1998; 55:645-74. [PubMed 9585862]
144. Piérard GE, Arrese JE, Piérard-Franchimont C. Treatment and prophylaxis of tinea infections. Drugs. 1996; 52:209-24. [PubMed 8841739]
145. Sunenshine PJ, Schwartz RA, Janniger CK. Tinea versicolor: an update. Cutis. 1998; 61:65-72. [PubMed 9515210]
146. Assaf RR, Weil ML. The superficial mycoses. Dermatol Clin. 1996; 14:57-67. [PubMed 8821158]
147. Lesher JL. Recent developments in antifungal therapy. Dermatol Clin. 1996; 14:163-9. [PubMed 8821170]
148. Hay RJ. Dermatophytosis and other superficial mycoses. In: Mandel GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennett JE, eds. Principles and practices of infectious disease. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingston; 1995:2375-86.
149. Drake LA, Dincehart SM, Farmer ER et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996; 34:282-6. [IDIS 363962] [PubMed 8642094]
150. Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER et al. Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: pityriasis (tinea) versicolor. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996; 34:287-9. [IDIS 363963] [PubMed 8642095]
151. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations) on Sulconazole 84:04.08.
152. Bigardi AS, Pigatto PD, Altomare G. Allergic contact dermatitis due to sulconazole. Contact Dermatitis. 1992; 26:281-2. [PubMed 1395584]
153. Machet L, Vaillant L, Muller C et al. Contact dermatitis and cross-sensitivity from sulconazole nitrate. Contact Dermatitis. 1992; 26:352-3. [PubMed 1395603]
154. Jones SK, Kennedy CTC. Contact dermatitis from tioconazole. Contact Dermatitis. 1990; 22:122-3. [PubMed 2138969]
155. Baes H. Contact sensitivity to miconazole with ortho-chloro cross-sensitivity to other imidazoles. Contact Dermatitis. 1991; 24:89-93. [PubMed 1828223]
156. Schering Corporation. Lotrisone (clotrimazole and betamethasone dipropionate) cream, lotion prescribing information (dated 2004 Apr.) In: Physicians’ desk reference. From the PDR electronic library website (http://pdrel.thomsonhc.com) . Accessed 2006 Dec 4.
157. Schering-Plough. Lotrimin AF Antifungal (clotrimazole) cream 1%, solution 1%, lotion 1%, jock itch cream 1% prescribing information. In: Physicians’ desk reference for nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements. 23rd ed. Montvale, NJ; Medical Economics Company Inc; 2002:765.
158. Schering-Plough. Gyne-Lotrimin 3-Day Combination Pack clotrimazole vaginal inserts and external vulvar cream antifungal. In: Physicians’ desk reference for nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements. 23rd ed. Montvale, NJ; Medical Economics Company Inc; 2002:734-5.
159. Bayer Corporation. Mycelex-G (clotrimazole) vaginal tablets. In: Physicians’ desk reference for nonprescription drugs and dietary supplements. 22nd ed. Montvale, NJ; Medical Economics Company Inc; 2001:863.
160. Holt RJ, Azmi A. Miconazole-resistant Candida. Lancet. 1978; 1:50-1. [PubMed 74535]
a. AHFS Drug Information 2003. McEvoy GK, ed. Clotrimazole. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2003: 3344-7.
b. Pappas GP, Rex JR, Sobel JD et al. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Ids. 2004; 38:161-89.
c. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004; 53(RR-15):1-112.
d. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, number 72, May 2006: vaginitis. Obste Gynecol. 2006; 107:1195-296.
e. Anon. Antifungal drugs. Treat Guidel Med Lett. 2005; 3:7-14. [PubMed 15671963]
More Clotrimazole resources
- Clotrimazole Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
- Clotrimazole Support Group
- 2 Reviews for Clotrimazole - Add your own review/rating
- Clotrimazole Cream MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)
- Clotrimazole Prescribing Information (FDA)
- Clotrimazole Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)
- clotrimazole Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)
- clotrimazole Mucous membrane, oral Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information
Compare Clotrimazole with other medications
- Cutaneous Candidiasis
- Tinea Corporis
- Tinea Cruris
- Tinea Pedis
- Tinea Versicolor
- Vaginal Yeast Infection
No comments:
Post a Comment